English Edition

Prepared from the approved Spanish master

The English edition will be a legal and academic translation of the published Spanish version, not a loose machine translation. Constitutional terminology, case names, statutory references, and comparative-law concepts will be reviewed for English-language academic use before publication.

The central thesis remains unchanged: when an automated or artificial-intelligence system materially participates in a decision affecting fundamental rights, legally protected interests, or essential conditions of a person's life, an identifiable human or legal institution must retain effective authority to explain, review, correct, and answer for that decision.